PT-141 Study Index
PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist derived from the alpha-MSH analog Melanotan II. Its primary mechanism involves agonism of MC3R and MC4R receptors expressed in hypothalamic and limbic brain regions, activating dopaminergic pathways associated with sexual arousal and behavior. Unlike vascular-acting compounds such as PDE5 inhibitors, PT-141 acts centrally through the nervous system to influence sexual motivation and arousal. A nasal spray formulation (Vyleesi) received FDA approval in 2019 for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women.
Studies Listed
6
Curated Study References
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| Authors ↕ | Year ↓ | Journal ↕ | Key Finding | PubMed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingsberg et al. | 2019 | Obstetrics and Gynecology | Phase 3 clinical trials of Bremelanotide (PT-141) demonstrated statistically significant improvements in satisfying sexual events and desire in premenopausal women with HSDD compared to placebo, supporting the FDA approval of Vyleesi in 2019. | 31135733 ↗ |
| Clayton et al. | 2016 | Journal of Sexual Medicine | Bremelanotide (PT-141) demonstrated significant improvements in satisfying sexual events and sexual desire compared to placebo in premenopausal women with HSDD, forming part of the Phase 2b clinical package supporting FDA approval. | 27649555 ↗ |
| Safarinejad et al. | 2008 | Journal of Urology | PT-141 (Bremelanotide) intranasal administration significantly improved sexual desire and arousal scores in women with female sexual dysfunction compared to placebo in a randomized controlled trial. | 18829033 ↗ |
| Diamond et al. | 2004 | Journal of Sexual Medicine | PT-141 demonstrated dose-dependent improvements in erectile function in men with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a placebo-controlled human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study, providing early clinical evidence for the melanocortin mechanism in male sexual function. | 15369529 ↗ |
| Pfaus et al. | 2004 | Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | Animal model studies established the MC3R and MC4R melanocortin receptor subtypes as key mediators of female sexual receptivity and motivation, providing the mechanistic animal data foundation for PT-141 research in female sexual function. | 15140155 ↗ |
| Molinoff et al. | 2003 | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | Characterization of PT-141 as a selective MC3R and MC4R agonist with central nervous system activity relevant to sexual function, establishing the receptor pharmacology and mechanism of action for its sexual research applications. | 14524253 ↗ |
Kingsberg et al.
2019, Obstetrics and Gynecology
Phase 3 clinical trials of Bremelanotide (PT-141) demonstrated statistically significant improvements in satisfying sexual events and desire in premenopausal women with HSDD compared to placebo, supporting the FDA approval of Vyleesi in 2019.
Clayton et al.
2016, Journal of Sexual Medicine
Bremelanotide (PT-141) demonstrated significant improvements in satisfying sexual events and sexual desire compared to placebo in premenopausal women with HSDD, forming part of the Phase 2b clinical package supporting FDA approval.
Safarinejad et al.
2008, Journal of Urology
PT-141 (Bremelanotide) intranasal administration significantly improved sexual desire and arousal scores in women with female sexual dysfunction compared to placebo in a randomized controlled trial.
Diamond et al.
2004, Journal of Sexual Medicine
PT-141 demonstrated dose-dependent improvements in erectile function in men with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a placebo-controlled human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study, providing early clinical evidence for the melanocortin mechanism in male sexual function.
Pfaus et al.
2004, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
Animal model studies established the MC3R and MC4R melanocortin receptor subtypes as key mediators of female sexual receptivity and motivation, providing the mechanistic animal data foundation for PT-141 research in female sexual function.
Molinoff et al.
2003, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Characterization of PT-141 as a selective MC3R and MC4R agonist with central nervous system activity relevant to sexual function, establishing the receptor pharmacology and mechanism of action for its sexual research applications.
All citations are for informational research reference purposes. Always verify directly via PubMed for current status.
Research Questions
Common questions about PT-141 research context, mechanism, and procurement.
What is PT-141 and what receptor does it act on?+
How does PT-141 differ mechanistically from PDE5 inhibitors?+
What Phase 3 clinical trial data exists for PT-141?+
What male sexual function research exists for PT-141?+
Related Compound Comparisons
Explore how PT-141 compares to other research compounds.
Source PT-141
PT-141 is available from Spartan Peptides at least 98% HPLC-verified purity. Domestic US supply with same-day dispatch before 2 PM. For in-vitro research use only.
Order PT-141 ($139)For in-vitro research use only. Not intended for human consumption.